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Food and Beverages Tech Review | Monday, September 30, 2019
PEM programs are designed to address contamination L.monocytogenes, a bacterial pathogen that causes contamination of the ready-to-eat (RTE) food.
FREMONT, CA: One of the microbiological challenges owing to foreseeable hazard is bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes that causes contamination of the ready-to-eat (RTE) food. This has led to the development and implementation of pathogen environmental monitoring (PEM) programs. Ensuring the effectiveness of established PEM programs is a daunting task, however, it can be maintained with diligence and training. L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium. In the RTE processing areas. L. monocytogenes are removed during the clean and sanitation cycle. This maintains product quality. The hygiene and sanitation programs are so essential to root out L. monocytogenes as these microbes enter into the processing environments via routes of transmission like hitchhiking on an employee’s shoe.
Building a PEM program
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One of the primary steps of a PEM program is the classification of the processing environment of the food into zones concerning proximity and risk of contamination. Typically it is divided into four zones. Attention should be taken when classifying into zones, and each zone has to be equally monitored irrespective of high and low-risk zones.
Zone 1 – It comprises a food contact surface that is any piece of equipment that comes in contact with the food.
Zone 2 – It includes non-food contact surfaces near the food or food contact surfaces, including the exterior of processing equipment, underside of tables, refrigeration units, and control panels.
Zone 3 – It encompasses more remote non-food contact surfaces located in or near the processing area, including drains, floors, walls, carts, forklifts, and air vents.
Zone 4 – It is outside the processing area, which is non-food contact surfaces in offices, shipping docks, locker rooms, storage areas, and other maintenance areas.
It is then followed by the selection of harborage sites for testing and ensures that each site has a clear descriptor and ID to track easily. The PEM team should take multiple walk-throughs at different times to avoid missing out any changes or conditions to generate a master list of potential sites and areas of high traffic. All the employees responsible for testing have the freedom to update the list by adding harborage sites like cracks on a piece of equipment or an unexpected backup in the drain. Also, updating the list in the events of adding new equipment and discarding old ones that can not only introduce new harborage sites but also make changes in the zone classification.
Followed by the mapping of sites, falls the implementation of swabbing. Keeping in mind, the number of swabs a processor should perform, when and how they should be done, a unique approach, depending on the risk, is taken. Similar to identifying the number of sites, condition of the facility and equipment, the number of processing lines, frequency of operation, and traffic flow all factor into the equation. According to the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s existing draft guidance The Control of L. monocytogenes in Ready-To-Eat Foods, even the smallest RTE processors swab at least five food contact surfaces and five non-food contact surfaces per production line for about 3-4 hours. This will suffice the detection of L. monocytogenes if it’s lurking due to temperature, time, and available nutrients. Although the frequency of swabbing varies for small and large operators, the point is to be proactive in the search for L. monocytogenes.
Intensifying the Search
Documented deep-cleaning procedures are crucial for areas that test positive and are followed with more frequent monitoring of that site to ensure that whatever action was taken was enough to remove L. monocytogenes. If additional or intermittent positives occur at a given site, vector swabbing is useful to identify the true source of contamination. Whereas, vector swabbing is adding swab points around the area of the positive site, including the areas like nearby drains, wall/floor junctions, overhead pipes/ceiling or nearby foot-traffic areas. Once these areas are identified, corrective actions should be taken by removing the harborage point.
Beginning with written good manufacturing practices followed by implementing hygiene and sanitation programs and proactive swabbing programs, PEM programs were designed to address L. monocytogenes. It also requires a commitment to interpret, review, and respond to the data. PEM programs that effectively control L. monocytogenes was not a simple program but built by a team of individuals from various departments and levels within the facility and members from outside the business.
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